Regulations have been implemented in numerous states and are not insolated to any specific region. Regulations regarding P 2O 5 applied to turfgrass may include limiting the total amount applied, the time of year, or complete elimination of P 2O 5 in turfgrass fertilizer ( Carey et al. (2009) study ( Rosen and Horgan 2005), but they have increased since 2005. Legislated P 2O 5 restrictions began before the Throssell et al. That study also found that the percentage of golf facilities that applied P 2O 5 had declined to 80% from 2006 to 2014. They reported that N, P 2O 5, and K 2O usage declined to 61,214, 15,760, and 51,705 tons, respectively. (2016) conducted the second assessment of nutrient use on United States golf courses, with a total of 1529 facilities returning a completed survey, accounting for 10% of known facilities. (2009) provided a baseline from which future change could be measured. The most common factors that golf facilities used to determine their decisions about applying nutrients were visual observations, previous product performance, and soil analysis. Generally, the average rates of N, P 2O 5, and K 2O were greater on putting greens than on any other course feature. A total of 101,096 tons of N were applied to 1.3 million acres, 36,810 tons of available phosphorus (P 2O 5) were applied to 1.1 million acres, and 99,005 tons of soluble potash (K 2O) were applied to 1.2 million acres.
(2009) surveyed 16,386 golf facilities, with a 15.6% response rate. Some applied nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), are potential elements of environmental impairment and can have negative consequences on ecosystems. These expectations and recuperative needs generally are not achieved without supplemental nutrient applications. The turfgrass that golf is played on is unique relative to other turfgrasses because it is subjected to high expectations and recurring traffic that requires sustained vigor. Therefore, golf is an important part of American culture. In 2021, an estimated 106 million Americans were involved with the game of golf by playing, watching, reading, or listening to a golf-related source ( National Golf Foundation 2021). Keywords: nitrogen phosphorus potassium turfgrass Golf course superintendents have contributed to nationwide reductions in N, P 2O 5, and K 2O, as evidenced by the reduction in fertilized acres and the reduction in nutrient use rates from 2006 to 2021. Returning clippings, using precision fertilizer applications, reducing turfgrass acreage, and considering N release from soil organic matter were associated with reduced application rates of P 2O 5. Soil testing was associated with greater application rates of N, P 2O 5, and K 2O. The percentage of facilities that did not apply P 2O 5 increased to 21%, which is likely a result of P 2O 5 application restrictions. These reductions were attributed to course closures, reduced fertilized acres, reduced application rates, and nutrient use restrictions. From 2006 to 2021, the total projected nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P 2O 5), and soluble potash (K 2O) applied declined by 41%, 59%, and 54%, to 54,376, 13,761, and 41,386 tons, respectively. A survey was developed and distributed via e-mail to 14,033 United States golf facilities, with 1444 responding.
The objectives of this survey were to measure nutrient use and management practices on United States golf courses in 2021, and to determine if changes occurred since 2006. Therefore, it is critical to assess nutrient use and management practices to develop and teach best management practices. Nutrient use on United States golf courses increases management costs and has the potential to influence ecosystems.
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